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'''Sharing Brain Drain References'''

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== Australian Health Workforce ==
O'Dea, Kilham. The inverse care law is alive and well in general practice. ''MJA'' 2002 177 (2): 78-79 <br>
(Simple overview of some workforce issues relating to GPs in particular. Raises the concern of Aussies that other countries are also competing for our doctors and the doctors that we would poach from developing countries.)

Birrell. Australian Policy on Overseas-Trained Doctors. ''MJA'' 2004; 181(11/12):635 <br>
(This is more about policy on OTDs within Australia but contains some useful information on numbers and geographical location of OTDs.)

== Australia and Brain Drain ==

Scott, Whelan, Dewdney, Zwi. Brain drain or ethical recruitment? ''MJA'' 2004; 180:174-176.<br>
(Authors are from UNSW and involved with PHM. This is an important article to read.)

==Economics of the Brain Drain ==

Martineau, Decker, Bundred. "Brain drain" of health professionals: from rhetoric to responsible action. ''Health Policy'' 2004; Volume 70 Issue 1 Pages 1-10  <br>
(This article has important information on financial costs of the brain drain focussing on Africa.)

''BMJ'' 2004; 329: 419 <br>
(This article summarises the Bundred et al article above.)

== Brain Drain General References ==

Narasimhan et al. Responding to the global human resources crisis. ''Lancet'' 2004; 363:1469-1462.<br>
(A must-read introduction to the current state of affairs, particularly from a policy/multilateral point of view. Takes a global perspective and is written by authors from many countries and institutions including Rockerfeller, universities and World Bank.)

== Strategies/Solutions (other than just ethical recruitment) ==

Kupfer et al. Strategies to discourage brain drain. ''Bull WHO'' 2004; 82:612. <br>
(Lively debate on strategies to encourage health professional return to country after undertaking research training abroad - uses an example of a program in the USA.)

Editorial ''Lancet'' 2000; 356(9): 177 '''AND'''
Bundred & Levitt. ''Lancet'' 2000; 356(9):245-46 <br>
(Covers broad range of issues including compensation, costs of training, proposed solutions, good for case studies on Uganda, Sth Africa, geographical distribution)

== Ethical Recruitment ==

Willets & Martineau. Ethical international recruitment of health professionals: Will codes of practice protect developing country health systems? Report, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. January 2004.<br>
Available at: http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/research/documents/codesofpracticereport.pdf <br>
(Report of a prospective study into the develoment, implementation, value and limitations of ethical recruitment through voluntary codes of practice. Provide some good recommendations (p14, 16) on how codes of practice can be better utilised.)

A Code of Practice for the International Recruitment of Health Care Professionals: WONCA Melbourne Manifesto <br>
Adopted at the 5th Wonca World Rural Health Conference 2002 <br>
Available at: http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/aboutWonca/working_groups/rural_training/melbourne_manifesto.htm or search around on the net for a pdf version.

== Country Specific References ==

=== Africa ===

Bundred & Levitt. ''Lancet'' 2000; 356(9):245-46 <br>
(Good for case studies on Uganda, Sth Africa)

''BMJ'' 2004; 329: 419 <br>
(This article summarises the Bundred et al article listed under the Economics section above and is focussed on Africa.)

=== Asia ===

=== Pacific Islands ===

Watters, Scott. '''Doctors in the Pacific'''. ''MJA'' 2004; 181(11/12): 597-601 <br>
(Discussion and comparison of physician workforce and country context in the pacific including training methods and number of specialists. Very much hospital and specialist focused.)

Duke, Tefuarani, Baravilala. '''Getting the most out of health education in PNG'''. ''MJA'' 2004; 181(11/12): 606-607 <br>
(Medical training and factors causing brain drain)

Brown, Connell. '''The migration of doctors and nurses from South Pacific Island Nations'''. ''Social Science and Medicine'' 2004; 58:2193-2210.
(A survey of 251 Drs and nurses who either a) had migrated and were living in Auckland or Sydney (regardless of whether planning to return home, b) had returned to home country (Fiji, Samoa, Tonga) or c) had never/not yet left country to work abroad. Key determinants analysed using econometric analysis included income and non-income factors such as education opportunities for children and owning a business.)

Kevau, Vince, McPherson. '''Tailoring medical education in PNG to the needs of the country'''. ''MJA'' 2004; 181(11/12): 608-610 <br>
(Looks at graduates of bachelors and post graduate medical studies from UPNG and the Fiji School of Medicine. Brief discussion of type of education and what has happened to graduates since.)

Baravilala, Moulds. '''A Fijian perspective on providing a medical workforce'''. ''MJA'' 2004; 181(11/12): 602 <br>
(Short article on the difficulty in the attempt to make Fiji and neighbouring islands self-sufficient in their medical workforce when the physicians are 'draining' away to Australia and NZ where the shortage of workers creates a massive vacuum. Authors state that the first step must be a recognition in Australia of the problem.)

=== UK ===

=== USA, Canada, NZ etc ===


== Other References ==